A Simple Low-Cost Paper-Based Analytical Device For Detecting Water Hardness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/aca.v9i2.310Keywords:
Paper-Based Analytical Device, Water Hardness, Colorimetric Detection. Water Quality MonitoringAbstract
High water hardness triggers piping system damage and adverse health effects, necessitating regular monitoring. This study aims to develop a simple, low-cost, and user-friendly paper-based analytical device (PAD) for on-site water hardness detection. The device was fabricated by immobilizing Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator and a pH 10 buffer onto a paper matrix based on complexometric reaction principles. Analytical performance evaluation demonstrated that the PAD could detect water hardness within the 50–350 ppm concentration range with strong linearity (R² = 0.9991). The sensor exhibited LOD and LOQ values of 47.16 ppm and 157.19 ppm, respectively; precision (RSD) between 0.32% and 4.30%; and recovery rates ranging from 108.02% to 114.04%, with a rapid response time of 5 seconds. Quantitative data analysis was performed colorimetrically using smartphone-based digital imaging and RGB analysis. Testing on real water samples yielded good accuracy and clear visual color contrast corresponding to increasing concentrations, confirming the sensor platform's high sensitivity. In conclusion, this PAD offers a practical, rapid, and portable analytical alternative that requires neither complex laboratory equipment nor specialized operational expertise, making it highly suitable for on-site water quality monitoring.
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Indonesian Chemical Society, Chapter Nusa Tenggara. Jalan Majapahit 62 Mataram, University of Mataram, 83125, Indonesia
